secret of supernatural star figured out

In 2010,a group of investigator described an particular  bright major burst that take position since nine billion year.Named  PS1-10afx the star was brightning *30 shining than another category. some scientist think it was a neo categorie of star.

neo explore display how it was full an illusion  maked with a big exaggerating glass. the superluminial star was just a normal Type Ia supernova (SNIa) amplified by a hidden lens. In this case, a galaxy filled with dim, old stars. PS1-10afx was discovered using the Panoramic Survey Telescope & Rapid Response System 1 in Hawaii. It looked a lot like an SNIa, but it was just too bright. There are a few, rare supernovae that have been found with comparable luminosities, “but PS1-10afx was different in just about every way. It evolved too fast, its host galaxy is too big, and it was way, way too red,” study author Robert Quimby from the University of Tokyo explains in an AAAS news release. Those rare supernovae usually have higher temperatures, bluer colors, and larger sizes. "New physics would thus be required to explain PS1-10afx as an intrinsically luminous supernova,” he adds. Or, the explanation could simply lie in well-demonstrated physics. Gravitational lensing is a technique astronomers use to measure distances. If there’s nothing between us and a faraway object of known brightness, we just see one image of it. But if something massive drifts by and gets in the way, the gravitational field around this closer, intervening object bends the light -- acting like a lens to redirect the light rays. We end up seeing multiple images of the farther object.

If a closer, massive galaxy is perfectly aligned with PS1-10afx, it would form magnified images of that background SNIa. "Although this warping of space time probably created four separate images of the supernova when viewed from Earth, we find that these likely appeared as a single source after atmospheric blurring," Quimby tells BBC. Check out this very cool gravitational lensing gif from the researchers. 


However, the gravitational lens would still be there after the supernova faded away. To go back and check for the lens signature, Quimby and an international team used the Low-Resolution Imaging Spectrograph on the 10 meter Keck-I telescope in Hawaii to observe PS1-10afx’s host galaxy and neighboring objects. They spent seven hours collecting light at the location of the supernova, which had by then faded away itself (pictured right). Then they compared data from PS1-10afx's peak brightness period to data from the period after it had faded.

If there was an additional galaxy coincident with PS1-10afx during the bright period -- serving as the lens -- they would see two sets of gas emission lines. "Looking at the spectra we could check to see if there was light coming from two sources at two separate distances,” Quimby tells BBC. And that’s what they found: The presence of a galaxy right in front of PS1-10afx. At just the right angle and distance, it amplified the supernova's light thirtyfold.

"Buried in the glare of the relatively bright host galaxy, we found a second, foreground galaxy,” ?University of Tokyo's Anupreeta More says. “This second galaxy was faint enough to have previously gone unnoticed.” It’s the first time a galaxy is found strongly magnifying an SNIa.

worldwide outer space Station chooses peculiar easterly cargo from SpaceX

Florida: A cargo ship owned by Space Exploration Technologies arrived at the International Space Station on Sunday, with a delivery of supplies and science experiments for the crew and a pair of legs for the experimental humanoid robot aboard that one day may be used in a spacewalk.


At the time, the station, a $US100 billion project of 15 nations, was sailing 418 kilometres over the Nile River.

About three hours later, the crew bolted the capsule to a docking port on the station's Harmony module. They plan to start unpacking on Monday.

"The Easter Dragon is knocking at the door," astronaut Randy Bresnik radioed to the crew from Mission Control in Houston.

Space Exploration, known as SpaceX, had planned to launch its Dragon cargo ship in March, but was delayed by technical problems, including a two-week hold to replace a damaged US Air Force radar tracking system.


The Falcon 9 rocket carrying Dragon finally lifted off at 1925 GMT on Friday (5.25am AEST, Saturday) from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.

The launch also provided privately owned SpaceX an opportunity to carry out another test in its quest to develop a reusable rocket.

After the Falcon 9's first-stage section separated from the upper-stage motor and Dragon capsule, the discarded rocket relit some of its engines to slow its fall back through the atmosphere and position itself to touch down vertically on the ocean before gravity turned it horizontal. The booster also was equipped with four 7.6-metre-long landings for stabilization.


Data transmitted from an airplane tracking the booster's descent indicated it splashed down intact in the Atlantic Ocean - a first for the company.


SpaceX hopes to return a Falcon 9 booster to land before the end of the year. Eventually, it would like to recover and reuse its rockets to save on launch costs.

"There are just only a few more steps that need to be there to have it all work," Musk told reporters after Friday's launch. "I think we've got a decent chance of bringing a stage back this year, which would be wonderful."

SpaceX is one of two companies hired by NASA to fly cargo to the space station after the space shuttles were retired in 2011. The company is competing to develop a space taxi for astronauts as well.

So far, SpaceX has made one test flight and three cargo runs to the station under a $US1.6 billion contract with NASA.

Among the cargo that arrived aboard Dragon on Sunday are a pair of zero-gravity legs for the station's prototype robot, Robonaut, which currently consists of a humanoid head and torso.

"The legs are not really for walking. They're used for climbing around," Andy Petro, with NASA's Space Technology Mission Directorate in Washington, DC, told reporters during a prelaunch press conference.

Each leg has seven joints and clamping devices where the feet would be attached to rails and sockets both inside and outside the station, though it will be some time before software is developed to allow Robonaut to participate in a spacewalk, program manager Mike Suffredini said.

Dragon will be reloaded with science samples and equipment no longer needed on the station and returned to Earth in about a month.

Second Earth

The discovery, announced on Thursday, is the closest scientists have come so far to finding a true Earth twin. The star, known as Kepler-186 and located about 500 light years away in the constellation Cygnus, is smaller and redder than the sun.

The star’s outermost planet, designated Kepler-186f, receives about one-third the radiation from its parent star as Earth gets from the sun, meaning that high noon on this world would be roughly akin to Earth an hour before sunset, said astronomer with NASA’s Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California. The planet is the right distance from its host star for water -- if any exists -- to be liquid on the surface, a condition that scientists suspect is necessary for life.

“This planet is an Earth cousin, not an Earth twin, who is among a team of scientists reporting on the discovery in the journal Science this week.

NASA launched its Kepler space telescope in 2009 to search about 150,000 target stars for signs of any planets passing by, or transiting, relative to the telescope’s point of view. Kepler was sidelined by a positioning system failure last year.

Analysis of archived Kepler data continues. From Kepler’s observational perch, a planet about the size and location of Earth orbiting a sun-like star would blot out only about 80 to 100 photons out of every million as it transits.

The pattern is repeated every 365 days and at least three transits would be needed to rule out other possibilities, so the search takes time.

“It’s very challenging to find Earth analogs.Most candidates don’t pan out, but things change as we get more measurements.”

Scientists don’t know anything about the atmosphere of Kepler-186f, but it will be a target for future telescopes that can scan for telltale chemicals that may be linked to life.

“This planet is in the habitable zone, but that’s doesn’t mean it is habitable.

So far, scientists have found nearly 1,800 planets beyond the solar system.

“The past year has seen a lot of progress in the search for Earth-like planets. Kepler-168f is significant because it is the first exoplanet that is the same temperature and is (almost) the same size as Earth, with the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, wrote in an email.

“For me the impact is to prove that yes, such planets really do exist,Now we can point to a star and say, "There lies an Earth-like planet.’”

By rahul

NASA shows huge blow up on Moon seeable from Earth

NASA records giant explosion on Moon visible from Earth

"On March 17, 2013, an article about the size of a tiny boulder hit the lunar surface inMare Imbrium," said Bill Cooke of NASA's meteor Environment Office.

"It detonated in a flash nearly 10 times as vivid as anything we've ever seen before," said rahul.

somebody  looking at the Moon at the movement of impact could have seen the   blowup - no telescope was need. For about one second, the affect site was burning like a 4th magnitude star, NASA  said.

Ron Suggs, an psychoanalyst at the Marshall Space Flight Center, was the first to detect the affect in a digital video recorded by one of the supervising program's 14-inch telescopes, said NASA.

"It jumped right out at me, it was so vivid," he said. The 40 kg meteor measuring 0.3 to 0.4 meters wide hit the Moon moving 90123 kph. The resulting explosion packed as much punch as 5 tonnes of TNT. Cooke believes the lunar affect pact might have been part of a much larger event.

"On the night of March 17, NASA and University of Western Ontario all-sky cameras picked up an unusual number of deep-penetrating meteors right here on Earth," he said.

"These fireballs were moving along nearly identical orbits between Earth and the asteroid belt," said Cooke.

This means Earth and the Moon were pelted by meteor s at about the same time, researchers said.

"My working hypothesis is that the two events are related, and that this constitutes a short duration cluster of material encountered by the Earth-Moon system," said Cooke.

One of the goals of the lunar supervising programme is to identify new streams of space debris that pose a potential threat to the Earth-Moon system. The March 17th event seems to be a good candidate.

Controllers of NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter have been notified of the strike. The crater could be as wide as 20 meters, which would make it an easy target for LRO the next time the spacecraft passes over the affect site.

Mars waves satellite carrying figure

The Rs. 450-crore assignment directs to harvest Mars from near as 372 km from its surface and it would be the first ever to scrub its atmosphere and surface for paraffin gas there, an official of the Indian Space Research Organization   told The Hindu.

The present of  paraffin gas is a tattler sign of life that may have survived on the planet.

Lunar assignment Chandrayaan-1 became popular for finding water equipment on the Moon’s land with the support of a U.S. tool.

The MOM will found the country’s technical capacity to take up such a long shot some 400 million km away. The journey   would be 1,000 times longer  than Chandrayaan-1, shipped  in 2008.

The Mars assignment   is “India’s next challenging technical assignment   out of the Earth’s gravitational area,” according to the ISRO.

The orbiter, a 1,350-kg ballistic capsule, will carry five main payloads or tools. The ISRO requires to launch it towards October-end or the starting of November, depending on the weather. That will be the tornado season.

“As per plans, the orbiter is expected to exit the Earth orbit on November 26/27, travel towards Mars over around 300 days. We plan to insert the satellite in an orbit around Mars on September 22, 2014,” the official said.

The end of the Kepler star

                     

This is the end of Kepler's supernova,the famous detonation that was found by Johannes Kepler in 1604.The red,green  and blue color  indicates low,medium and high energy  X-ray detected with NASA's Chandra X -ray  observatory,and the star field is form the digitized sky view.

As document in our  press publish,a new analyze has used Chandra to identify  what  triggered this burst. It had already been established that the form of explosion was a so-called type is supernova,the thermonuclear explosion of the world.

The new Chandra psychoanalysis show the Kepler supernova was triggered by an action between a white dwarf and a red huge star. The essential information from Chandra was a disk-shaped structure near the center of remnant.The investigators translate this X-ray emission to be stimulated by the collision between supernova debris and disk-shaped substance that the huge star defeated before the explosion.

This composite image also shows an unusually huge and confusing concentration of iron on one side of the center of the star but not the other. The writer suppose that the effect of asymmetry might be the shadow in iron that was formed by companion star,which blocked the ejection of textile. Previously,theoretical wok has hinted this shadowing is possible  for type la supernova remnants.

Earth directed coronal volume riddance from the sun

The NASA explore model also show that the CME may authorize by the spritzer and courier ballistic capsule. NASA has advised their assignment manipulator. There is,however,only minor molecule radiation associated with this effect,which is what could  commonly relate manipulator of interplanetary ballistic capsule since the molecules can trip on board machine electronics.

Not to be confused with a solar flare,a CME is a solar consequence that can sends solar molecules into space and come to earth after one to three days later. Earth-conducted CMEs can effect space weather consequence called a geomagnetic storm which occur when they associate with the  outside of the earth's magnetic envelope,the magnetic field,for an extensive period of time.In the early,geomagnetic forces caused by CMEs such as this  one have causally been of mild to medium strength